Blood film examination pdf

If the blood has been refrigerated, allow it to return. Purpose and criteria for blood smear scan, blood smear. Fields stain method for thick blood films the method recommended for staining thick blood films by the hospital for tropical diseases is. Part 2 examination of peripheral blood smear youtube. The peripheral blood film pbf is a laboratory workup that involves cytology of peripheral blood cells smeared on a slide. Detection of malarial parasite by blood smear examination and antigen detection. Individual red cells, white cells, and platelets are examined, and the relative proportions of the several classes of white cells are tabulated. The peripheral blood film remains a very useful tool in hematological assessment. Hypochromic microcytic anaemia differential diagnosis. A complete blood count cbc is a blood panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a persons blood.

The technique of blood film examination for the presence of vacuolated lymphocytes requires examination of the thin end of the film near the tail, rather than the thicker region fig 3. Physicians rely upon laboratory analysis to obtain measurements of many constituents of the blood, information useful or necessary for the detection and recognition of disease. The thin end of the film becomes thinner gradually and does not have grainy streaks, troughs, ridges, waves or holes features that can result in an uneven distribution of leukocytes. The blood film examination has similarities with environmental survey techniques. Labpartners blood film examination blood smear lesson plan.

In addition, if blood is collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, parasite morphology may be altered by delays in preparation of the slides. A blood film or peripheral blood smear is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically. Examination of thick blood films for malaria parasites. Place the giemsastained blood film to be examined on the microscope stage, with the label to. With the blood film, the survey is of the patients blood with the results pointing to the health or state of the patient. Interpretation of the full blood count red blood cells constituents of the red cell count haemoglobin hb. Blood film examination revealed multiple large extracellular crystals with numerous smaller crystals right. Preparation of a peripheral blood film this protocol describes how to prepare a slide film of peripheral blood for microscopic examination. While holding the spreader slide at the same angle, push it forward rapidly and smoothly.

The red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in red blood cells of clinically important enzymatic reactions and their products, such as pyruvate kinase or 2,3diphosphoglycerate. It is then treated with a special stain and studied under a microscope to examine the blood cells. A good quality smear, thorough examination and proper. Parasitology exam blood parasite images answers will be. Because blood film examination is essentially a screening test, it would be expected that most cases would be negative. Note that the rings tend to be very pleomorphic and small, with many ring forms per cell. Adequate examination of the blood cells requires that a thin film of blood be spread on a glass slide, stained with a special blood stain wright stain, and examined under the microscope.

Pdf the peripheral blood film pbf is a laboratory workup that involves cytology. Although advances in automated technology have made the examination of a peripheral blood smear by a physician seem less important, the technology is not a completely satisfactory replacement for a blood smear. Original article blood film examination for vacuolated. A blood filmor peripheral blood smearis a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically.

Write either a laboratory reference number or the name of the patient and the date in pencil on the frosted end of the slide or on the film itself writing on the thickest part, which is least suitable for microscopic examination. A properly prepared blood smear is essential to accurate assessment of cellular morphology. Using the corner of a clean slide, spread the drop of blood in a circle the size of a dime diameter 12 cm. Parasitology exam blood parasite images answers will be found at the end. However, malaria parasites may be missed on a thin blood film when there is a low parasitaemia. The filariae are parasitic nematodes roundworms that cause significant human morbidity in tropical regions worldwide. The complete blood count cbc is a test that evaluates the cells that circulate in. Therefore they are used in conjunction with thick blood films, in order to identify the malaria species that was detected by microscopic examination of the thick blood film.

Peripheral blood morphology for hematological disorders remains a very important diagnostic tool give vital clues for further work up essential in situations where automated cell counter fails due to interferences peripheral blood smear examination a reflex test. The microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, b timori, loa loa, mansonella perstans, and m ozzardi are found in the blood, while the. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that gives blood its red colour. Wait until the blood spreads along the entire width of the spreader slide. Introduction to peripheral blood smear examination. Systematic examination of blood film gives the best diagnostic support and all the other test are either complimenting or confirming it and not on many occasions make you wiser thank you. The peripheral blood film, second edition presents the various concepts of the origin, development, and functions of blood cells. Examination revealed marked acrocyanosis of all his digits left a blood count showed haemoglobin concentration 105 gl, leucocytes 63.

Preparation and staining methods for blood and bone marrow. Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue. As basic as it is, pbf is invaluable in the characterization of various. Platelet anisocytosis and giant platelets were also noted in the blood film panels a and b. When the wbc is very low below ul, it is difficult to find enough wbcs to perform a 100cell differential. The full blood examination, also called fbe or fbc, measures the numbers and size of the important cells types in the blood as well as the blood haemoglobin level. A bss is usually performed to verify the automated platelet count, particularly if it is flagged by the analyzer for verification or if it is significantly lower than the lowest limit of the reference range. A phlebotomist, a person specifically trained to draw blood, first cleans and sterilizes the injection site with an antiseptic. These may be automatically counted on some instruments, but may also be counted by examination of a blood film prepared from blood stained with new. The macroscopic adults live in the human host and release microscopic offspring microfilariae into the blood or skin. The importance of the peripheral blood film in indicating a. The skinsnip examination is the preferred method for detecting the microfilariae of these worms. Blood sampling and blood film preparation and examination.

Neel, dvm, dacvp clinical associate professor, clinical pathology nc state college of veterinary medicine raleigh, nc, 27607 introduction although tremendous advances have been made in the field of pointofcare hematology analyzers, examination of a well prepared, well stained blood smear remains the cornerstone of veterinary. Thin blood films have a low sensitivity for detection of malaria parasites. Complete blood cell count and peripheral blood film, its. Hemoglobin contains a highly coloured pigment that interferes with the passage of a beam of light. A peripheral blood film will provide information on the following.

Microscopic examination of a well stained blood film is an essential part of many haematological investigations. The examination of a peripheral blood smear is one of the most informative exercises a physician can perform. If parasites are found, a further 100 fields should be examined before a final identification of species is made. With a thick blood film, the red cells are approximately 6 20 layers thick which results in a larger volume of blood being examined. Introduction to peripheral blood smear examination clinical.

Routine examination of a thick film is based on examination of 100 good fields. This chapter discusses the manual spreading of a blood film on a glass slide wedge. A variety of methods are available for preparing and staining blood smears, the most common of which are discussed in this atlas. Blood smear analysis allows quantitation of the different types of leukocytes called the differential count, estimation of the platelet count, and detection of morphologic abnormalities that may be indicators of pathophysiologic processes.

These blood film changes are commonly seen in hyposplenism, which can occur in the congenital absence of spleen, sickle cell disease, celiac disease, vasculitis, ulcerative colitis, essential thrombocythemia, and after splenectomy. Making a quality blood smear although there are several techniques described for making blood smears, most people use the wedge or push technique. That is, a slide can be pronounced negative only after no parasites have been found in 100 fields of the blood film. Place the giemsastained blood film to be examined on the microscope stage, with the label to the left. Any inclusion bodies eg, howelljolly bodies or malarial parasites will also be noted. The importance of the peripheral blood film in indicating.

The purpose of preparation of blood smear blood film is to study the morphology of rbcs, differential leukocyte count and reticulocyte count. The identification of red cell morphological abnormalities may lead to a definitive or differential diagnosis and guide further investigations fig. Since the erythrocytes rbcs have been lysed and the parasites are more concentrated, the thick smear is useful for screening for parasites and for detecting mixed infections. The test reports the amounts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the hematocrit, which is the percentage of the blood that is made up of red blood cells. The peripheral smear, a window into the human body and hematology devapiran jaishankar, m. Functional hyposplenism diagnosed by blood film examination. Examination blood tests are used to determine physiological and biochemical states such as disease, mineral content, drug effectiveness, and organ function. Its most important function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. May 05, 2016 examination of the blood film under oil immersion x100 objective take the differential count leucocytes of 100cell and record your result using manual chart format or automated cell counter. Blood films are examined in the investigation of hematological blood disorders and are routinely employed to look for blood parasites, such. Microfilariae may be seen in peripheral blood on routine thick and thin blood films, but concentration techniques such as the knotts concentration and nucleopore membrane filtration technique offer increased detection sensitivity. Blood film examinations for plasmodium should be considered stat procedures, and ideally the slides should be examined within 23 h of obtaining blood samples from the patient.

To measure hemoglobin concentration, blood is diluted and the red blood. Always start with room temperature, wellmixed, clot free, edta anticoagulated blood heparin is used for some exotic species. Wn erber, in blood and bone marrow pathology second edition, 2011. The blood film occupies the central portion of the slide and has definite margins on all sides that are accessible to examination by oil immersion. A peripheral blood smear examination is a procedure, which involves spreading a drop of blood thinly onto a glass slide. Jun 08, 2018 the peripheral smear, a window into the human body and hematology devapiran jaishankar, m. This book serves as a practical guide to the different types of film appearances that may be encountered in the routine examination of peripheral blood films. Cellular evaluation full blood count or complete blood count hematocrit and mcv mean corpuscular volume erythrocyte sedimentation rate esr crossmatching. Jul 15, 2019 a peripheral blood smear examination is a procedure, which involves spreading a drop of blood thinly onto a glass slide. Peripheral blood smear are usually examined to investigate hematological problems and occasionally, to look for parasites within the blood. The film may be made either manually or by an automated slide maker. Attention to detail in slide preparation, staining and standard criteria for cell estimates, morphology and differential reporting enhance the value of results provided to the physician. Blood film examination for vacuolated lymphocytes in the. It is good practice to prepare two slides for each sample.

The blood film should be examined in a systematic manner, with particular regard to the detection and morphological characteristics of the lymphocytes. Blood films are examined in the investigation of hematological blood disorders and are routinely employed to look for blood parasites, such as those of malaria and filariasis. Using the fine adjustment, focus on the blood film. Examination of the blood film in the dog and the cat procedure for blood film evaluation scan slide at 20x magnification predominant leukocyte erythrocyte arrangements platelet clumps abnormal cells nucleated red blood cells nrbc reactive, leftshifted, neoplastic erythrocyte morphology 100x. A peripheral blood film examination is a snapshot of the cells that are present in the blood at the time that the sample is obtained. Examination of the blood film procedure for blood film. Therefore, examination of a thick blood film is recommended. Slides and examination questions are ed and cannot be copied for publication. The film should be labelled immediately after spreading. In conclusion, cbc and peripheral blood examination are one of the most commonly ordered tests that provides important information about the. These blood film changes are commonly seen in hyposplenism, which can occur in the congenital absence of spleen, sickle cell disease, celiac disease, vasculitis, ulcerative. The technique of blood film examination for the presence of vacuolated lymphocytes requires examination of the thin end of the film near the tail, rather than the thicker region fig 3 3. Switch to the 100x oil immersion objective, and allow the lens to touch the oil. Examination of a blood smear is an integral part of a hemogram.